As first civilian governor of Philippines, determined U.S. colonial policy, which he later pursued as secretary of war and president. An Ohio judge, born in 1857, appointed to Manila by McKinley in 1900. Ceded authority to Filipino elite, strengthened oligarchy, coined term “little brown brothers” to convey his hope to Americanize the natives. Named chief justice of the Supreme Court in 1921 by Harding, died in 1930. (In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines - Stanley Karnow)